Article summary
This article tests the ‘mismatch’ idea that online contexts make political talk more hostile because human psychology is tuned to face-to-face interaction. Across eight cross-national surveys and experiments (N=8,434) the authors find limited evidence for mismatch effects or major behavioral changes online. Instead, hostility is concentrated among status-seeking individuals who are similarly hostile offline and online; online interactions feel harsher partly because such behavior is more visible online.