This paper investigates macropartisanship in five democracies, exploring its causes across multiparty systems.

Data & Methods:

* Comparative analysis of legislative voting patterns and party behavior over time.

* Case studies focusing on specific countries.

Key Findings:

• Macropartisanship exists even in genuinely multiparty political environments.

• It arises from factors beyond electoral competition alone, such as ideological sorting within parties or institutional pressures.

• While differing slightly between cases due to unique country contexts, the core drivers of macropartisanship show remarkable cross-national consistency.

Why This Matters:

Understanding how macro-level party alignment develops in diverse democratic settings enhances theories about political polarization and its origins.