Article summary
Existing literature treats popular support for liberal democratic values as a key check on illiberal actors, yet recent work shows declared democratic support can coexist with tolerance for backsliding. The argument advanced here is that social norms create incentives to publicly oppose illiberal actors without sincerely holding those views. These actors are labeled "staged democrats": people who cosmetically endorse democratic norms but do not genuinely punish illiberal politics. Because staged democrats signal rather than sincerely oppose illiberalism, they are not a stable safeguard—information shocks can reveal their insincerity and change political outcomes.