Across Europe, the Istanbul Convention — a treaty aimed at combating violence against women — has become a central battleground over gender and sexual equality. Right-wing forces mobilize nationally and transnationally to defend traditional values and oppose so-called “gender ideology,” while progressive actors push back to protect women’s rights. The result is uneven ratification: many states have ratified the Convention, while several have not.
The enhanced standard analysis (ESA) was designed to prevent so-called untenable assumptions in Qualitative Comparative Analysis (QCA). One important source of such assumptions arises from statements about necessity. Most QCA researchers—here called QCA realists—have articulated three criteria for a meaningful claim of necessity: empirical consistency, empirical relevance, and conceptual meaningfulness.
Qualitative Comparative Analysis (QCA) sensitivity diagnostics have become a central concern in methodological research. Existing studies rely on exhaustive enumeration and most examine QCA's reactivity either to changes in discretionary parameter values or to data-quality problems—but rarely both at once.
Qualitative Comparative Analysis (QCA) techniques are growing in popularity for modeling causal complexity and identifying necessary or sufficient conditions in medium-N settings. Because QCA is not designed as a statistical technique, it provides no built-in way to estimate the probability that uncovered patterns arose by chance. In addition, the multiple hypothesis tests implicit in QCA workflows can inflate false positive rates, a consequence that is not widely appreciated in practice.
Brazilian presidents, despite possessing several power resources, often craft legislative proposals by adopting bills already moving through Congress — a phenomenon described as "Appropriation of the legislative agenda." This study investigates when and how appropriation occurs and what it does to presidential power.