Interviews

This study asks how white identity varies across individuals and responds to sociopolitical disruptions, using in-depth interviews with white residents of Minneapolis and Saint Paul between 2020 and 2023 to develop a grounded typology of white identifiers. The central contribution is a three-type classification that links variation in awareness and positional framing to the 2020 uprising as an "epistemic disruption" that changed the salience of whiteness for many participants, with different temporal patterns of response.

Why do some ambitious, nonincremental reforms fail to change entrenched practices? This article develops a theory of discretionary implementation and applies it to Colombia’s ethnic land restitution program (2012–18). Using process tracing of novel datasets on administrative cases and judicial rulings plus in-depth interviews, the authors explain how routine administrative choices—specifically layering and conversion—can slow and narrow extraordinary reform in practice, producing outcomes that fall short of legislative intent.

Prevailing explanations hold that parties diversify linkages from the top down—offering programmatic policies to wealthier voters while dispensing particularistic inducements to poorer voters. Those frameworks struggle to explain why programmatic parties sometimes combine policy platforms with clientelistic distribution within municipalities, where voter socioeconomic differences and variation in electoral competition are limited.