Ennahda, Tunisia's Islamist movement, has undergone a significant ideological shift toward Muslim Democracy. This article explores the drivers behind this change, hypothesizing that migration to secular democracies plays a crucial role.
New findings reveal that repression does not uniformly increase polarization; its effects depend on the type of repression experienced.
Understanding the effect of international social ties on domestic ideological polarization is challenging because the counterfactual—what would have happened without cross-border links—cannot be directly observed. This study uses a new statistical approach to estimate that missing comparison and separate polarization into domestic and transnational components following the Arab Uprisings.
This article challenges the assumption that economic hardship primarily drives support for Islamist parties through their provision of social services. Instead, it posits an alternative explanation rooted in religion.