Subnational Data

Democracies aim to manage incompatible interests peacefully, yet many still experience political violence. Historical legacies of fascism may reappear because local networks pass on three types of resources across generations:

This study asks whether local wartime experiences shape political behavior for people who did not directly live through the events. The argument is that intense local armed resistance leaves enduring political legacies that “memory entrepreneurs” convert into present-day political action through a community-based, intergenerational transmission process built on three activities: memorialization, localization, and mobilization.

This article asks whether differences in local agricultural competitiveness help explain the growing political divide between rural and urban voters. The authors propose that where agriculture is uncompetitive, rural voters are more likely to support protectionist parties and policies because agriculture remains central to local economic and social life; where agriculture confers a comparative advantage, the rural–urban cleavage should be weaker. The paper reports cross-national and subnational analyses that test this comparative-advantage argument while qualifying its claims with multiple data sources and designs.

Did colonial officials impose indirect rule, or did they rebuild institutions that reflected precolonial authority? This article compiles original subnational data from over 450 units in British Africa to examine councils as executive constraints and to assess how colonial aims interacted with indigenous institutional structure. The authors argue that councils were widespread, tied to precolonial institutions and socioeconomic patterns, and that British officials sometimes reintroduced constraint-like systems in response to local pressure rather than implementing them unilaterally.

This study asks how economic and geospatial factors shape different types of conflict within Nigeria and presents a high-resolution risk methodology that combines spatial econometrics with the greed–grievance framework. Using a Bayesian spatial approach, the authors model how socio-economic development, natural resources, energy infrastructure and multiple spatial predictors relate to four conflict typologies over 1997–2023, producing predictive risk maps intended to inform planning and stabilization.

This paper asks how U.S. military procurement during World War II affected state-level macroeconomic outcomes, using newly digitized contract records for 1940–1945 to estimate short-run multipliers and employment impacts. The study provides state-by-state evidence on personal income responses to wartime spending and reports estimates of multiplier magnitudes, implied costs per job-year, and a pattern the author calls negative scale effects.

The authors ask when organized criminal groups respond to opportunities in licit commodity markets with violence. Their central contribution is to link rapid increases in a good’s share of global export value to incentives for criminal expansion, and to assemble evidence at both subnational and cross-national levels to test that mechanism. The paper uses avocado exports in Mexico as a detailed case and then combines international datasets to examine whether agricultural export booms correspond with higher homicide where organized crime exists.

Retrospective voting is crucial for democratic accountability. The president's party is well-established to be rewarded or punished in national elections based on economic performance.

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