📌 What This Study Asks

Are nonverbal reactions during parliamentary debate gendered? Do male and female members of parliament experience applause or jeering differently depending on the gendered nature of the speech?

🧾 Where the Evidence Comes From

• An original corpus of over 544,000 speeches from German state parliaments
• Observations of nonverbal parliamentary reactions (applause, jeering, and interjections)

🛠 How Speech Gendering and Reactions Were Linked

• Speeches were assessed for language associated with women’s topics to estimate the gendered nature of each speech
• Reactions to those speeches were then compared by speaker gender to identify differential patterns

🔎 Key Findings

• On average, male and female MPs receive similar levels of positive and negative reactions to their speeches.
• The gendered content of a speech changes that pattern: speeches using language associated with women’s topics attract fewer reactions overall.
• Those fewer reactions are especially pronounced when the speech on women’s topics is delivered by men.

💡 Why It Matters

These patterns in parliamentary interjections—who is heard and who is ignored—could shape how women MPs perceive their standing in legislatures and how women voters perceive the responsiveness and inclusiveness of parliament.