Are corruption trials that target top public officials and big companies biased? Existing work focuses mostly on prosecutions of politicians and leaves unclear whether judges treat the political class differently from other defendants, including private-sector actors. This study investigates judicial bias in Brazil’s Operação Lava Jato, the largest corruption investigation in history.

🔎 What Was Examined

This research asks whether judges applied differential conviction and sentencing practices to elected politicians compared with other defendants in Lava Jato, and whether any differences reflect partisan motivations or another form of bias.

🗂️ A New Case-Level Timeline of All 3,154 Lava Jato Cases

• Leverages an original database that traces the trajectory of the universe of the 3,154 Lava Jato cases.
• Follows case-level outcomes from prosecution through conviction and sentencing (as recorded in the database).

📈 Key Findings

• Sentencing decisions were not governed by a partisan logic — no evidence that harsher penalties tracked party affiliation.
• Judges were more inclined to impose longer prison terms and higher fines on elected politicians than on all other defendants.
• The harsher treatment of politicians was especially pronounced relative to defendants from the private sector.
• These patterns are interpreted as evidence of antipolitical class bias in judicial sentencing.

💡 Why It Matters

The results show that punitive outcomes in a major anti-corruption campaign reflect systematic disadvantage for the political class rather than partisan targeting. This has implications for understanding judicial behavior in high-profile corruption prosecutions and for debates about fairness, accountability, and the rule of law in anticorruption enforcement.