Recent research highlights social media's potential for collective grievance, but in active conflict online signs of political loyalty can place civilians at great risk. A security-driven theory predicts that civilians will alter their online behavior after major shifts in territorial control: specifically, they should post more positive content and more content favoring the winning side.

📌 What Was Examined

• The siege of Aleppo in November 2016 and social media behavior during and after the city's retaking by regime forces.
• The focus is on how changes in territorial control shape civilians' public expressions on social platforms.

🛠️ How Online Behavior Was Measured

• Matched Aleppo-based Twitter users with Twitter users from other parts of Syria to create a comparison.
• Applied large language models to analyze changes in tone and political alignment of posts before and after the regime's retaking of Aleppo.
• Tracked whether users self-disclosed their location as a key moderator.

🔍 Key Findings

• Users identified as based in Aleppo posted more positive content after the regime retook the city.
• Those same Aleppo users also posted more pro-Assad content following the regime's retaking.
• Crucially, these changes appear only among users who self-disclosed their location.

⚖️ Why It Matters

• The results support a model in which civilians modify online expression as a security strategy during active conflict rather than solely as reflections of stable political preference.
• This has important implications for interpreting social media signals in civil wars: observed shifts in tone and partisan content can be responses to changing risk environments, not just changes in public opinion.