🔎 What This Study Asks

This paper investigates how electoral incentives shape lawmakers' votes on secondary issues—those that only a minority of voters care intensely about. A formal model shows that when politicians are motivated by both office and policy, they can "flip-flop": early in a term votes reflect policy preferences, but as reelection approaches votes can shift toward the preferences of single-issue minorities.

📊 How the Theory Is Tested

The model's implications are evaluated using roll-call votes in the U.S. Senate on three issue areas: guns, the environment, and reproductive rights. The empirical design examines how proximity to an election predicts senators' regulatory votes while accounting for:

• retirement status (retiring vs. seeking reelection)
• seat safety (safe vs. marginal seats)
• the size of the single-issue minority in the senator's state

✅ Key Findings

• Election proximity is associated with a pro-gun shift among Democratic senators.
• Election proximity is associated with a pro-environment shift among Republican senators.
• These election-timing effects occur mainly for senators who are not retiring, who do not hold safe seats, and who represent states where the single-issue minority is of intermediate size.
• No measurable election-timing effect is found for reproductive rights votes; this null result aligns with the model's prediction when strong single-issue minorities exist on both sides of an issue.

💡 Why It Matters

The results show that intense but minority constituencies can exert outsized influence on legislative behavior near elections, producing systematic late-term shifts that differ from early-term policy voting. This mechanism links theory and evidence on electoral incentives, single-issue minorities, and legislative responsiveness across distinct policy domains.