🔎 Why look beyond regression?

The large majority of inferences in empirical political research rely on model-based associations (e.g., regression). Predictive modeling offers a complementary approach that focuses on how well a probabilistic model predicts new, unseen data rather than only estimating parameters on the sample used for estimation.

🧭 What predictive modeling means and how it is tested

Predictive models aim to specify a probabilistic model that provides a good fit to testing data that were not used to estimate the model’s parameters. This emphasis on out-of-sample fit shifts attention from solely interpreting estimated coefficients to assessing whether a model generalizes to new cases.

📋 Three main contributions of the paper

• Reviews the central benefits of an under-utilized predictive approach, emphasizing a perspective uncommon in existing literature: how prediction can complement and augment standard associational analyses.
• Advances the literature by laying out a simple set of benchmark predictive criteria to evaluate model performance.
• Illustrates the approach with a detailed application to the prediction of interstate conflict.

🧪 Illustration: predicting interstate conflict

A concrete application to interstate conflict is used to demonstrate the proposed benchmarks and how predictive evaluation can be integrated with traditional associational methods.

✅ Why it matters

Predictive modeling provides a practical way to test model generalizability and to enrich substantive inference. Treating prediction as a complement to regression-based association can reveal limitations of models estimated on a single sample and guide the development of more robust, policy-relevant models.