📋 What Shadowing Reveals

Shadowing is a focused observational method for directly following political elites through their normal daily routines for an extended, bounded period (typically one day to one week). It produces fine-grained behavioral data that are not constrained by administrative records, survey instruments, or interview guides, enabling detailed accounts of how elites act, communicate, and allocate time in real-world settings.

🧭 How Shadowing Studies Are Designed and Run

• Typical duration: one day to one week of continuous observation per subject.
• Sampling and scalability: designed to allow larger samples than traditional ethnography, with the potential for medium-N inference across multiple shadowed subjects.
• Data collection techniques: structured field notes, time-use logs, and event coding that capture interactions, movement, and decision moments.
• Coding and analysis: procedures for converting observational records into analyzable data, including coding schemas and temporal sequencing.

🔎 Examples and Practical Guidance

• Includes examples drawn from a completed shadowing-based study to illustrate recruitment, daily observation protocols, and coding choices.
• Provides step-by-step guidance on sampling strategies and on converting observational traces into inferential claims about elite behavior.

⚖️ Bias, Validity, and How to Mitigate Risks

• Discusses selection bias risks and strategies to reduce them (e.g., purposive sampling procedures, transparency about case selection).
• Examines observer effects and presents techniques for minimizing reactivity (e.g., extended familiarization, standardized observation protocols).
• Empirical assessment: presents results suggesting selection and observer biases in shadowing of political elites are not necessarily greater than those found in other observational research.

💡 Why This Matters

• Shadowing fills a methodological gap between large-scale survey/administrative approaches and deep, small-N ethnographies by offering richly detailed, directly observed behavioral data at a scale suitable for comparative inference.
• Useful for researchers interested in time use, interaction patterns, decision contexts, and the mundane practices through which elite politics is produced.