🔎 What Was Compared

A comparative study of three European social-democratic parties—the Parti Socialiste (France), the Partido Socialista Obrero Español (Spain), and the Partito Democratico (Italy)—examines whether cartel party dynamics observed at the systemic level also appear at the party level. The analysis tracks organizational resources, programmatic output, and funding behavior to gauge party-level cartelization.

🧾 How Party Change Was Tracked

• Party membership figures (trends across recent decades, with particular attention to the last two decades)
• Party manifestos and programmatic documents (used to assess policy convergence and polarization, including EU-related positions)
• Public funding and donation records, plus changes in public funding laws and transparency measures

📌 Key Findings

• The cartel party theory is not confirmed in full at the party level: important theoretical assumptions do not hold across all dimensions examined.
• Membership has declined but proved relatively resilient over the last two decades, contradicting expectations of wholesale membership collapse.
• Clear convergence appears on EU-related issues across these mainstream social-democratic parties, yet manifesto analysis also reveals a measurable degree of polarization on other policy areas.
• All three parties rely heavily on public subventions, but they have been able to reform public funding laws, increase donation transparency, and reduce the overall amount of public subvention.

⚖️ Why It Matters

These findings qualify the reach of cartel party theory: party-level dynamics are more mixed than systemic-level accounts suggest. Resilient membership and continued programmatic differentiation imply enduring internal resources and competition, while reliance on—and reform of—public funding shows how parties adapt institutional arrangements even when financially dependent on the state. The study highlights the need for party-level analyses to refine broader theories of cartelization and party change.