đź“š What this paper asks and why it matters
This study investigates why Islamist-related terrorist attacks have varied across Western Europe—particularly why France and the United Kingdom have experienced significant episodes while Italy has not—despite all three hosting large Muslim communities, participating in Middle East military missions, and receiving threats from ISIS and other Islamist groups.
đź“Š Data and comparative approach
- Qualitative cross-case comparison of the United Kingdom, France, and Italy
- Event and contextual evidence drawn from the Global Terrorism Database (GTD) and the Association of Religion Data Archive (ARDA)
🔑 Key findings
- Direct state discrimination against Muslim communities is associated with a higher likelihood of Islamist-related terrorist attacks, because discrimination generates grievances against the host state within the targeted minority.
- The radicalizing effect of discrimination is amplified where strong religious and cultural networks exist; these networks (and their large audiences) bring grievances into public debate and can connect—sometimes radicalizing—small segments of the community.
- The dynamic is especially pronounced in highly secular states such as France, where a strict interpretation of secularism limits accommodation for religious minorities and produces laws regulating minority religious behavior, which in turn heightens outrage and frustration.
- The cross-case comparison shows that similar external pressures (military missions, ISIS threats) do not by themselves explain differences in attack frequency and intensity; domestic discrimination and the presence of mediating networks are central explanatory factors.
🌍 Why this matters
The findings link domestic integration policies and public debate structures to national vulnerability to Islamist-related violence. Policymakers should consider how discrimination and the social networks that amplify grievances shape radicalization risks, especially in contexts where legal and cultural frameworks restrict religious accommodation.
