This article examines career patterns of Brazilian senators during the First Republic to test whether emerging political opportunity structures shaped recruitment and circulation among offices prior to reaching the Senate.

🔎 What Was Examined

The focus is on circulation among political positions held before attaining a senatorial mandate, and whether the changing institutional environment altered who entered the senatorial elite.

📚 How the evidence was compiled

• Systematic observation of the biographies of 851 holders of senatorial mandates
• Coverage spans the 21st legislature (1890/1891) through the 37th senatorial term (1934/1937)
• Career trajectories were traced across levels (municipal, state, federal) and arenas (executive, legislative)

📈 Key findings

• Senatorial careers lengthened over time and became more diverse in the types of political positions they included.
• The new institutional framework—characterized by more offices subject to electoral competition and a strengthened state-level polity—coincided with intensified circulation across government levels (municipal, state, federal).
• Circulation also increased between decision-making arenas (executive and legislative), broadening the pathways into the Senate.
• These patterns suggest that recruitment dynamics later described for the second half of the 20th century were already emerging among the senatorial elite of the First Republic.

⚖️ Why it matters

Findings locate the roots of modern legislative recruitment earlier than often assumed, showing that institutional changes in the First Republic reconfigured political careers and expanded the pool and pathways of senatorial entrants.