🔎 What Was Mapped
An ecological analysis of municipal-level election returns from 1994–2018 maps electorally expressed ideology across Brazil at high spatial resolution. The study measures vote-revealed ideology in localities over time to identify how aggregated ideological patterns change across municipalities.
🧠Explanatory Factors Tested
Four major explanations for municipal variation in ideology were tested:
- Incumbent alignments (national presidents’ influence on local outcomes)
- Social modernization
- Political pluralism
- Social inclusion
đź“Š Key Findings
- The Brazilian electorate as a whole displayed a rightward tilt across the period, even though variations occurred over time.
- A "gravitational effect" from presidential incumbents pulled local ideological outcomes toward the orientation of the sitting president; this effect was visible during the Workers’ Party (PT) governments.
- Despite incumbency effects during PT years, the vast majority of municipalities continued to lean right at the local level.
- In the late Dilma Rousseff years there was a return to a more conservative, vote-revealed local ideology.
- A sharper veer to the right is evident in the 2016 municipal elections and the 2018 federal elections under Michel Temer.
- Analysis of local voting in proportional representation (PR) elections finds no durable electoral realignment across the 1994–2018 span.
⚖️ Why It Matters
These results show that presidential incumbency can shift local ideological signals but does not necessarily produce a lasting nationwide realignment. The findings are relevant for understanding the limits of top-down partisan influence, the resilience of local conservative tendencies, and the dynamics of Brazil’s party system and representation.
