This paper challenges the standard view of substantive representation for LGBTQ+ populations in American politics. Using a multiverse approach, it systematically tests various methodological assumptions and data collection strategies across multiple studies to reassess how well political institutions represent these communities through policy outcomes rather than symbolic gestures.

### Data & Methods

* Employed diverse datasets not limited to national surveys, local polls, and institutional reports

* Conducted multiverse analysis—a technique that explores robustness by varying model assumptions—rather than relying on a single study design

* Investigated representation across multiple dimensions including legal protections, healthcare access, education policies, etc.

### Key Findings

* Contradicts previous claims about the effectiveness of LGB substantive representation in US politics

* Highlights significant heterogeneity in how different assumptions affect results regarding this population's political representation

* Identifies specific methodological factors contributing to earlier misperceptions or overestimations

### Why It Matters

This research provides a more nuanced understanding of why, despite growing visibility, substantive outcomes for LGB Americans remain complex and varied. The findings suggest that scholarly claims about representation effectiveness may have been premature due to insufficient attention to methodological variations.