🔎 Research Question

How does local armed violence shape tolerance for violence against women—specifically preferences for punishing rape and domestic violence? This study investigates whether exposure to armed conflict changes how men and women want offenders held to account.

🗺️ Where the Evidence Comes From

• Original quantitative data collected from 80 focus groups in 20 villages in the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC).
• A matched-pair research design was used to compare villages with differing levels of local armed violence while holding other factors constant.

📊 Key Findings

• Local exposure to armed violence increases how severely men prefer to punish rape.
• The same exposure decreases how severely both men and women prefer to punish domestic violence.
• Effects are both gendered and crime-specific, contradicting unidirectional expectations in existing theories of violence against women.

💡 Interpretation: Protective Masculine Norms

A theory of protective masculine norms explains these patterns. When armed violence raises demand for local male protection, community- or public-facing crimes (those seen as threats to communal safety) provoke stronger punitive preferences from men, while more private crimes receive less severe punishment.

⚖️ Why It Matters

These findings show that armed conflict reshapes gendered norms about protection and punishment in complex ways. Policy and program responses to gender-based violence in conflict-affected areas should account for crime-specific and gendered shifts in local punitive attitudes rather than assuming uniform increases or decreases in tolerance for violence.