Journalism is essential for democratic accountability yet exposes journalists to significant risks.

This study investigates how government surveillance impacts media environments and journalist safety across nations. Using comparative analysis of data from 60 countries, we find contrasting outcomes between press-free nations with high surveillance rates versus those balancing oversight with operational freedom. Countries like China demonstrate robust monitoring but face higher homicide rates against journalists; conversely, nations such as the United States show moderate control alongside lower fatality statistics.

Comparing Press Freedom Index Scores:

• High countries (80+): e.g., USA, Germany
• Low countries (below 40): e.g., Egypt, Iran

Our findings reveal that while surveillance may reduce certain risks by controlling dissent and crime-related reporting, it also creates a paradoxical environment where state control correlates with increased danger from non-state actors. This complex relationship highlights the need for nuanced approaches to balancing security needs against press independence.