This article examines how Western colonial threats influenced internal political reform and centralization in independent Siam. Unlike other nations, Siamese authorities incorporated traditional governance structures alongside centralized administration.

The study reveals that the timing of administrative centralization depended on a complex interaction between pre-existing political systems and proximity to British/French territorial claims—a unique geographical dimension absent elsewhere.

* Data & Methods: Analysis leverages historical records from 1915 with geographic analysis techniques.

* Key Findings: Early centralized areas saw significantly higher post-centralization infrastructure investment and public goods provision. These patterns persist today despite the end of colonial era pressures.

* Why It Matters: The research demonstrates how external threats can indirectly drive institutional reforms linked to long-term development outcomes.