Campaign advertisements don't just reach everyone equally. This study finds ads are conditionally delivered based on voters' partisanship and negative feelings toward candidates.

Examining Conditional Ad Delivery

Researchers investigated how campaign ad targeting operates across partisan divides, revealing that political leaning influences when—and if—individuals receive certain messages.

Key Findings

• Ads appear more frequently to people with strong partisan identities

• Negative sentiment toward a candidate increases the likelihood of targeted exposure

• The "filter bubble" effect extends beyond content relevance to negative messaging

Implications for Political Science Research

This research demonstrates how digital campaign infrastructure reinforces existing political divisions by conditioning media consumption on voters' partisanship and negativity.