Partisan Trespassing: How Gender Shapes Election Interference Effects

### An Unintuitive Pattern

This study examines partisan trespassing—a tactic where supporters disrupt opponents' campaign events—and uncovers an unexpected pattern: its effects vary significantly by candidate sex.

### Key Findings

• Male candidates face more physical disruptions from opposing partisans • Female candidates experience increased verbal harassment tactics • Gender moderates the relationship between partisanship and interference severity

### Methodological Approach

Using mixed-methods analysis, researchers analyzed both quantitative data on reported incidents and qualitative accounts of candidate experiences during campaigns.

### Political Science Significance

The findings suggest partisan aggression is not genderblind. This nuanced understanding contributes to debates about campaign fairness and how political polarization manifests differently across demographic lines.