🧾 Comparing Siblings to Separate Schooling From Childhood

A central debate questions whether higher education causes greater political participation or simply reflects shared early-life advantages. This analysis uses siblings in a longitudinal survey to hold pre-adult environments constant and evaluate whether educational attainment has a causal effect on official voter turnout among older adults.

🔬 How the sibling design isolates early-life influences

• Uses a longitudinal survey containing sibling pairs and official turnout records for older adults.
• Controls for pre-adult environmental factors that can confound the education–participation link, including: genetics, family resources, and parental values.
• Focuses on differences between siblings to separate schooling effects from childhood-formed traits and resources.

🔎 Key findings

• Evidence is consistent with some spurious effects: part of the observed correlation between education and turnout appears driven by shared early-life factors rather than schooling itself.
• This pattern is especially pronounced in a midterm election, when the most politically engaged individuals are mobilized and fewer external stimuli and resources are present to drive turnout.
• Because patterns of political engagement are formed in childhood, early-life experiences may exert stronger influence in lower-stimulus contexts like midterms.

📌 Why it matters

• Results challenge straightforward causal interpretations that treat education as the primary driver of turnout and highlight the need to account for childhood environments.
• Implications reach both research and policy: interventions aimed solely at increasing educational attainment may have limited effects on turnout if early-life conditions are the root cause of participation differences.
• Understanding when and how childhood formation shapes political behavior can clarify why turnout responses differ across election types.