Does government revenue affect political behavior? This field experiment tested how windfall revenue versus tax treatment influences citizen monitoring of public spending.

Methods and Context: Citizens in Indonesia received messages either announcing a budget surplus or mentioning the country's recent oil revenues.

The study finds that political action changes with information, but not necessarily with the source of revenue. When given transparency about government finances, citizens in both the windfall and tax groups became equally concerned about misuse.

Key Findings:

* Citizens react strongly to spending information regardless of whether it's framed as a budget surplus or oil revenues.

* The framing effect disappears when people have access to relevant financial information.

* Both types of revenue can motivate anti-incumbent action if citizens are properly informed.

This research demonstrates that revenue type alone does not determine political behavior, highlighting the crucial role of information transparency and public awareness campaigns in shaping citizen oversight.