This study tests Alexis de Tocqueville’s 1856 theory that economic development could increase political discontent. Using a 2012-2013 face-to-face survey experiment in Pakistan, we examine how rising aspirations and perceptions of societal mobility affect individual satisfaction with government.

Survey Experiment Design

* Conducted across multiple regions within Pakistan during its transition period surveys (2012-2013)

* Manipulated subjects' self-assessed economic well-being through carefully crafted scenarios

* Altered perceptions of societal mobility using subtle framing techniques

Key Findings

* Subjects expressed greater political discontent when they perceived both high personal hardship and significant social mobility simultaneously.

* This effect was consistent across different demographic groups, suggesting a generalizable mechanism.

* The findings support Tocqueville’s thesis that expanded opportunity can paradoxically lead to increased dissatisfaction rather than confidence in government systems.

Methodological Approach

The research employs experimental methods designed to isolate specific psychological effects. By controlling variables related to perceived mobility and well-being, we provide empirical evidence for a previously untested aspect of Tocqueville’s descriptive representation theory.