This paper examines deliberative democracy through text-as-data methods using transcripts of rural India's village assemblies (gram sabhas).

> Deliberation in Action <

Contrary to the perception of these gatherings as mere "talking shops," gram sabhas demonstrate citizens actively challenging officials, demanding transparency, and outlining development needs.

> Gender Disadvantages <

However, women face significant barriers. They are less likely to speak or have their concerns addressed by elected representatives.

> Quotas Effective? <

The study finds that female quotas for village presidencies increase the likelihood of citizen women being heard on development issues.

While preserving theoretical foundations is crucial, this research offers a nuanced view of deliberation's practical operation. Findings highlight how normative ideals can be operationalized empirically and suggest specific policy interventions to enhance democratic representation.