New research explores how ethnic composition influences judicial outcomes in multiethnic societies, specifically within Israel's criminal appeals courts. Contrary to what might be expected in the U.S., this study finds that while a panel with at least one Arab judge leads to significantly more lenient punishments for Arab defendants—resulting in a 14-20% reduction in incarceration and a 15-26% drop in prison sentences—the same isn't true for Jewish defendants. Their appeals outcomes remain unaffected by the ethnic makeup of their panels.

🔍 Data & Methods: Leveraging randomness in case assignment to panels, researchers demonstrate how descriptive representation impacts different groups unequally.

⚖️ Key Findings:

• No effect on appeal outcomes for Jewish defendants regardless of panel composition
• 14-20% reduction in incarceration likelihood for Arab defendants with an Arab judge present
• 15-26% decrease in prison sentencing probability when panels are ethnically diverse

📝 Why It Matters: This research contributes to ongoing debates about the relationship between descriptive representation and judicial decision-making, showing how effects can vary across different ethnic groups within a multiethnic society.