Government programs often fail on the ground because of poor implementation by local bureaucrats. Prominent explanations for this failure emphasize bureaucratic rent-seeking and capture — but what if there was another culprit? This article documents a different pathology that we term bureaucratic overload: officials are chronically under-resourced relative to their responsibilities.

* Why does this happen?

Drawing on survey data from rural development officials across India, including time-usage diaries measuring daily activities, the research provides quantitative evidence of two key findings:

• Local bureaucrats with fewer resources struggle more with program implementation because they lack sufficient time for managerial tasks

• Resource allocation is influenced by political responsibility — clearer accountability leads to less investment in local bureaucracy.

* What does this mean?

The findings highlight a crucial gap between bureaucratic capacity and policy implementation, offering new insights into local governance challenges.