Party leaders shape campaign strategies and government formation in parliamentary democracies.

New Findings:

This study examines gender differences in party leadership roles across 71 parties from 11 countries between 1965-2013. 🔍 Our analysis reveals distinct pathways for men and women to reach leadership positions.

📊 Data & Methods:

We analyzed historical data on political parties, focusing on their electoral performance and seat share changes during this period.

Key Insights:

Women are more likely to become leaders in minor opposition parties or those losing seats. 🌟 However, once selected as female leader:

• They retain office when their party gains seats

• They depart leadership roles more often during unfavorable election outcomes

🔍 Why It Matters:

The findings demonstrate a double standard: female prospects must navigate 'more demanding rules' than male counterparts.

📘 Original abstract detail preserved