Comparative research often uses multilevel models to study how country-level factors affect individual behaviors. However, these traditional estimation methods face challenges when data includes only a few countries.

➡️ How Few Countries Work:

A large-scale Monte Carlo experiment reveals that maximum likelihood estimates can be severely biased with limited country samples, particularly in models featuring cross-level interactions.

➡️ Bayesian Solution:

Bayesian approaches demonstrate much greater robustness and provide more conservative test results even when the number of countries is small.

➡️ The Takeaway:

Researchers should consider using Bayesian methods for multilevel analyses involving few countries to improve reliability.