Diversity isn't a uniform threat to democracy; different forms have divergent effects.

Ethno-linguistic diversity, which reflects distinct cultural identities within a nation, is associated with increased democratic prospects. This connection arises from the need for inclusive institutions and power-sharing mechanisms that diverse populations require to manage conflict and negotiate representation effectively.

Religious diversity, conversely, presents challenges because different faiths often have conflicting moral frameworks or sources of authority regarding governance.

* Data & Methods: The findings are based on sophisticated cross-national regression analyses employing instrumental variables to address endogeneity concerns. Nigeria serves as a key case study illustrating these dynamics.

Findings*: Using advanced econometric techniques, the analysis demonstrates that ethno-linguistic diversity strengthens democratic institutions by necessitating accommodation and power-sharing among distinct groups.

Why It Matters: This nuanced understanding helps explain democratic outcomes across ethnically fragmented societies like Nigeria while offering insights into political stability in multi-religious contexts. The results highlight the importance of distinguishing between different types of social heterogeneity when analyzing democratic consolidation.