New findings reveal how election monitors in Ghana's 2012 elections reshaped parties' manipulation tactics.

Data & Methods: Experimentation with polling station data from Ghana during the 2012 elections showed observers significantly reduced fraud and violence at monitored stations.

Key Findings: Parties reacted differently based on their electoral standing. In single-party strongholds, activists shifted fraud to unobserved locations, while in competitive areas, they moved violence away from observed sites.

Why It Matters: This study demonstrates the crucial role of local competition and organizational capacity in shaping political party responses to monitoring efforts during democratic elections.

These results highlight a strategic adaptation among political actors where manipulation strategies are consciously reshaped when facing external oversight. The findings underscore how even well-established parties modify their behavior under different electoral pressures.