Recent studies suggest female representation reduces corruption—but new evidence shows this effect depends on electoral accountability.

New Theory: Greater women's political representation combats corruption when officials face high risks of being caught and punished by voters. This "accountability" angle suggests gender differences in ethical behavior are amplified where consequences matter most.

Why Women Matter More?

Women tend to be more risk-averse, meaning they're less likely to engage in risky behaviors like corruption unless severely constrained. Voters also hold female representatives to higher standards, creating stronger incentives for clean governance.

Accountability Makes the Difference:

The findings suggest this relationship is strongest:

• In democracies where press freedom keeps officials in check

• Under personalistic electoral rules (where individual candidates matter more)

• In parliamentary systems vs. presidential ones

Observational evidence from 76 democratic-leaning countries confirms that stronger electoral accountability mechanisms enhance—but don't guarantee—this anti-corruption effect of women's representation.