In Africa's ethnically contested elections, voter loyalty hinges on whether a co-ethnic candidate runs. This creates core voters (those with a co-ethnic leader) and swing voters (without).

🧠 Core vs. Swing Voters:

• Defined by the presence of an ethnic group member running as a candidate
• Less uncertainty about which party will represent their interests in groups with co-ethnics
• Greater potential for persuasion or change among those without

📊 Key Findings from Kenya's 2013 Election Panel Data:

• Swing voters (without co-ethnic candidates) were over two-and-a-half times more likely to alter voting intentions during the campaign period
• Campaign messaging proved especially effective with these swing voters

🔍 Why It Matters:

This insight offers a crucial framework for understanding ethnic politics in African democracies, highlighting how election dynamics and voter targeting can be strategically influenced by candidate ethnicity.