The commitment problem in redistributive politics takes on new meaning under different electoral institutions.

### 📊 Commitment Problem in Redistribution

Left parties face a unique challenge when promising policies popular among the middle class. Their credibility depends heavily on Electoral Institutions

Party Policy Pledges ≠ Government Promises

*Endogenous commitment mechanisms vary dramatically across Electoral Systems

### 🔮 New Insights from Comparative Analysis

Under majoritarian rules, parties can strategically move right to avoid the Pledge Trap, unlike in proportional systems.

This contrasts sharply with existing theories that assume exogenous commitments or overlook this dynamic

The model also explains the pervasive anti-left bias in majoritarian democracies and reveals how Parliamentary Candidates become strategic commitment tools, especially for redistributive stances unpopular among certain voters.

### 📉 Evidence from 16 Countries

Using Panel Data covering party positions across 16 parliamentary systems, I demonstrate the model's core predictions:

Left parties strategically moderate redistribution promises more under majoritarianism

Electoral rules fundamentally shape redistributive competition

This research reshapes our understanding of how Electoral Systems influence party behavior.