Incumbents use both malapportionment and blatant electoral fraud to secure election wins, yet these strategies differ significantly.

What They Are

• Malapportionment involves allocating seats disproportionately in favor of strongholds without overt coercion or fraud.
• Bt electoral fraud consists of direct methods like violence or cheating.

The paper reveals that malapportionment reduces the need for simultaneous fraudulent tactics, allowing governments greater flexibility. However, it creates rigid boundaries requiring careful coordination among ruling legislators to maintain control.