New Varieties of Democracy data from 1789-2015 reveals bureaucratic quality's crucial role in democratic survival, while state capacity shows no significant effect.

Key Argument: The authors systematically interrogate eight 'state-first' claims regarding modern democracy.

### Data & Methods

* Leverages newly compiled Varieties of Democracy dataset covering 1789-2015.

* Analyzes entire period including transitions and democratic spells.

### Findings

* High bureaucratic quality at transition onset or during democracy boosts survival and deepening. ✅

* State capacity (territorial control) does not reliably affect these outcomes. ❌

* Bureaucratic impartiality is more vital than overall state strength for democratic consolidation.

### Implications

These results demonstrate the need to disaggregate 'state strength' and prioritize enhancing bureaucratic structures specifically.