Recent political science research has frequently examined framing effects—how elites shape citizens' political judgments. However, studies have produced conflicting results without systematic analysis. This meta-analysis synthesizes findings from 138 experiments across diverse contexts to clarify their overall impact.

Study Approach & Scope

* Systematically reviewed existing literature on framing effects in the political domain

* Analyzed both lab-based and field-realistic studies (including frame competition)

* Quantified the influence of framing on various outcomes

Key Findings

* Framing exerts medium-sized effects on citizens' attitudes and emotions

* Framing has negligible impact on actual political behavior

* Elite attempts to shape public opinion are more influential psychologically than substantively

Implications for Political Science Research

These results challenge overly pessimistic views of citizen competence. They suggest voters may be less susceptible to elite framing than some theories argue, yet their responsiveness is constrained in domains requiring active deliberation or action.