Voters often conflate party identity with ideology, but this isn't always accurate.

Data & Methods

Survey Experiment*

Mixed-methods Approach (Quantitative + Qualitative)*

National Sample of Voters*

Key Findings

Red states ≠ Republican ideology*

Blue states ≠ Democratic ideology*

Distinct ideological clusters emerge within parties*

Why It Matters

Revises traditional understanding of partisan perception*

Offers insights into descriptive representation debates*

Illuminates the link between polarization and public opinion dynamics*