## Key Question

How did France's 2004 headscarf ban affect the integration of Muslim women?

### Context

Concerns about Islamic radicalization following immigration waves led several Western nations, including France, to implement stricter secular policies.

### New Evidence on Discrimination

This paper analyzes both quantitative and qualitative data from French Muslim women post-ban. Our findings reveal that:

* The ban increased perceptions of discrimination among Muslim girls.

* Heightened national identity came with stronger religious identification.

### Concrete Impacts

The policy had tangible consequences for integration, including:

* Reduced secondary educational attainment

* Negative long-term effects on labor market participation

* Changes in family composition patterns

### Headline Significance

This research demonstrates how well-intentioned secular policies can sometimes backfire by creating barriers to social and economic inclusion.