Presidents face a puzzle in Senate confirmation delays for executive nominees.
Senate Delay Strategy: This study argues delay is used strategically by the Senate to shield allied agencies from presidential influence.
Using CQ Executive Directory data (1987-2012), we analyze thousands of nominations across diverse contexts.
Our findings demonstrate that delay occurs when an agency aligns with senators' ideological preferences, regardless of nominee political leanings.
This discovery explains the seemingly arbitrary nature of delays in previous research and reveals how collective legislative action functions as a counter-instrument to presidential power.
