New measures reveal four distinct dimensions of conservatism among Europeans' publics.
Age and gender cleavages differ across economic and social issues. Policy ideology isn't a simple spectrum but has complex facets.
These novel metrics offer stronger validation than traditional left-right scales or median voter scores. They capture the multidimensional nature of mass political beliefs over time and space.
| Policy Ideology in European Mass Publics, 1981-2016 was authored by Devin Caughey, Tom O'Grady and Christopher Warshaw. It was published by Cambridge in APSR in 2019. |
